Ghost Beam Studies

Current Explanation and Observations

Color Legend

The following is the currently accepted theory on the formation of the observed "Ghost Beam". To organize the explanation by what has been proven/shown to be true, the explanation text is color coded based on theoretical predictions, simulations, and experimental data/observations:

1. Theoretically predicted, but not yet shown in simulations or in experiment
2. Observed in simulation, but not yet explained in theory or shown in experiment
3. Observed in experiments, but not yet explained in theory or in simulation
4. Theoretically predicted and shown in simulations, but has not yet been observed experimentally
5. Observed in simulation and experiment, but has not yet been explained theoretically
6. Theoretically predicted and observed in experiment, but has not yet been shown in simulations
7. Theoretically predicted, shown in simulations, and observed in experiment
8. Speculation based on theory, simulation, and preliminary results, but has not yet been explicitly shown or proven to be true

Explanation

At GTS, electrons in a real electron beam can ionize residual gas, resulting in ions and secondary electrons. After the real electron beam is turned off, ions and secondary electrons can be trapped in various places in the accelerator due to the magnetic mirror effect. The three main places the ions and secondary electrons can be trapped are between the anode and magnetizing solenoid and within the first two solenoid lenses. Eventually, the ions and secondary electrons recombine and emit light, some of which is incident on the photocathode, producing a "ghost beam" that we see on the viewers.

Although the ghost beam has been observed to last for many hours , it has not been predicted to be self-sustaining solely through recombination light from trapped ions/electrons ; thus, it is suspected that there should be either a direct or an indirect source of ions or electrons to sustain the ghost beam for a long period of time. One possibility is that ions produced close to the photocathode during the real electron beam can "scrub" the photocathode due to back-bombardment, deteriorating its surface oxygen layer and lowering its work function. As a result, field emission from the photocathode is possible due to a high field gradient within the cathode-anode gap once the real electron beam is off. These electrons, along with electrons due to recombination light, may make up the ghost beam that we see on the viewers. While the real electron beam is off, residual oxygen molecules can adsorb to the photocathode increasing its work function. In order to keep the work function of the photocathode low and keep the photocathode emitting electrons through field emission, it may be that the field emitted electrons ionize more residual gas molecules, which then bombard the photocathode, releasing adsorbed oxygen. Another possibility is ions and electrons that are trapped between the anode and magnetizing solenoid can tunnel through the anode potential (due to the large difference between the absolute values of the cathode and anode potentials) and strike the photocathode.

Other Observations

• The ghost beam is made of electrons that originate from the photocathode. We know this due to how the ghost beam steers with corrector magnets upstream of the viewers
• The higher the vacuum levels during the prior electron beam run, the more intense the ghost beam is on the viewers .
• The ghost beam only appears when BOTH the magnetizing solenoid and anode bias are above a certain current and voltage respectively. When either is decreased, the ghost beam intensity decreases and vice versa. When either drops below a certain threshold current/voltage, the ghost beam disappears and does not reappear .
• The ghost beam has been shown to be absent initially and only appear after adjusting the current through the focusing solenoids, in which case the ghost beam intensity will gradually increase to a certain point and then slowly decrease .